Surgical treatment of bovine nasal granuloma and an allergological exploration.

Nasal granuloma in cattle results from inflammation within, and attendant proliferation of, the nasal mucosa possibly in response to an allergic response. However, the relationship between nasal granuloma and allergies remains unclear. Furthermore, severe cases have a poor prognosis because there is currently no effective treatment. Herein, we report three cases of nasal granuloma with severe stertorous breathing that were treated surgically. We also conducted an allergological exploration. Following surgical removal clinical signs did not recur in two of the three cases; however, stertorous breathing persisted in one case, and the cow was sacrificed 4 months later. A histopathological examination revealed that all nasal granulomas featured varying infiltrations of macrophages eosinophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes. The number of mast cells and the proportion of these cells that had degranulated were significantly higher in the granulomas than in normal nasal mucosae. In addition, serum histamine levels were higher in nasal granuloma cases than in normal cows, although serum immunoglobulin E levels were similar, and lymphocyte infiltration in the submucosal layer suggested type I and type IV allergies. Collectively, the results indicate the efficacy of complete surgical curettage for the treatment of allergic nasal granuloma in cattle. Further studies are required to identify the causes and risk factors of allergic nasal granuloma in cows.

On the averaging area for incident power density for human exposure limits at frequencies over 6 GHz.

Incident power density is used as the dosimetric quantity to specify the restrictions on human exposure to electromagnetic fields at frequencies above 3 or 10 GHz in order to prevent excessive temperature elevation at the body surface. However, international standards and guidelines have different definitions for the size of the area over which the power density should be averaged. This study reports computational evaluation of the relationship between the size of the area over which incident power density is averaged and the local peak temperature elevation in a multi-layer model simulating a human body. Three wave sources are considered in the frequency range from 3 to 300 GHz: an ideal beam, a half-wave dipole antenna, and an antenna array. 1D analysis shows that averaging area of 20 mm × 20 mm is a good measure to correlate with the local peak temperature elevation when the field distribution is nearly uniform in that area. The averaging area is different from recommendations in the current international standards/guidelines, and not dependent on the frequency. For a non-uniform field distribution, such as a beam with small diameter, the incident power density should be compensated by multiplying a factor that can be derived from the ratio of the effective beam area to the averaging area. The findings in the present study suggest that the relationship obtained using the 1D approximation is applicable for deriving the relationship between the incident power density and the local temperature elevation.